Biology Read - In scientific work, scientists have certain stages called the
scientific method. The scientific method
is a systematic way to solve problems.
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| image : ThingLink |
In scientific work, scientists have certain stages called the
scientific method. The scientific method
is a systematic way to solve problems.
Scientific methods are used by experts in conducting research
and experimenting to produce new invention inventions. The steps in the
scientific method are as follows:
1. Finding and formulating the problem.
2. Gathering information.
3. Prepare the hypothesis.
4. Conducting an experiment to test the truth of the
hypothesis.
5. Processing experimental results (data analysis).
6. Make a conclusion.
7. Make report of research result.
1. Finding and Formulating Problems
The first step in doing research or experimentation is
finding a problem. In order to find an interesting problem to examine, one must
be sensitive to the circumstances and events around.
Problems that have been found are formulated in the form of
sentence question, concise, clear, and meaningful.
In formulating the problem to note the relationship between
the selected independent variables and the dependent variable. For problem
formulation, note the following questions.
• Is there an influence of independent variables on the
dependent variable of the research object?
• What is the effect of free variables by on the dependent
variable of the research object?
• Examples of problem formulation.
• Research object: Hydrilla
sp.
• Free variable: water temperature
• Dependent variable: the speed of photosynthesis of aquatic
plants Hydrilla sp.
• Problem formulation: Is there any effect of water
temperature on the speed of photosynthesis of water plants Hydrilla sp.
2. Gathering Information
After finding the problem, the next step is to gathering the information related to the object of research.
Supporting information and data can be found through
literature study, observation (direct observation) of the object to be studied,
and interviewing the resource persons who are experts in the field.
Library study can be done by reading reference books, journals,
reports of research results of others, scientific magazines, newspapers, and
the internet.
From direct observation of the object to be studied will get
the actual facts information. If the information and supporting data have been
felt enough, then serve as the foundation of theory or frame of mind.
3. Preparing Hypotheses (Temporary
Suspicions)
Hypothesis is a
temporary answer to a problem. Hypotheses are structured on the basis of the
theory or framework of thought that has been prepared.
This hypothesis will be
verified by experiment or experiment. Hypotheses can be divided into two kinds,
namely the null hypothesis (statistical hypothesis) and work hypothesis
(alternative hypothesis).
a. The null
hypothesis (H0) is a provisional assumption that states that there
is no influence of independent variables on the dependent variable.
Example: Some
people believe that if a pregnant woman eats yellow foods (tomatoes, papaya,
carrots, turmeric) will give birth to a yellow-skinned child. Is that true?
• Problem formulation:
Is there any effect of the color of food the mother consumes on the expression
of color (pigment) of baby skin that is born?
• Theoretical basis:
The color of a person's skin is determined by genetic factors (genes) obtained
from both parents. In general, a person's character is controlled by a pair of
genes, but the human skin pigment is affected by many genes (polygens). The
environment can also affect one's skin pigment, such as exposure to sunlight.
Sunlight will improve the pigmentation process so that the skin color becomes
darker. Thus, based on theory, the skin pigment is not affected by the color of
the food consumed.
• Formulation of the
null hypothesis (H0): There is no effect of food color on human skin
pigment.
b. Hypothesis work (H1) is a
provisional assumption that states that there is influence of independent
variables on the dependent variable.
Example: A mango
tree has several branches. One branch produces very many fruits, while other
branches produce only a small amount of fruit. The stem bark of the branch that
produces many fruits turns out to have a wound due to the placement of the
children's swing straps.
• Problem formulation:
Does injuring the skin of the plant branch affect the formation of fruit in
mango plants?
• Theoretical basis:
Plants make their own food through the process of photosynthesis that occurs in
the leaves. Food substances are used to support life, among others grow,
flowering, and fruitful. Food substances from photosynthesis are circulated to
all parts of the plant body through the phloem vessels. When the bark of a tree
is injured and the damage to the floem tissue occurs, the distribution of the
food substance is stopped so that there will be a buildup of nutrients over the
injured part. Stacking of nutrients will spur the formation of flowers and the
occurrence of fruit.
• Working Hypothesis
(H1): Wounding the bark of the plant can affect the formation of fruit in
mango plants.
4. Doing Experiments to Test the
Truth of Hypotheses
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a.
Preparation phase of the experiment
Experiment is done to
prove the truth of the hypothesis you are proposing. Before the experiment is
done, you need to design the experiment model first so that while performing
the experiment, all necessary equipment is ready.
Things to consider in designing experiments, among others,
determine the tools and materials, the translation of variables, determine the
time of the experiment, and trial model trial
1) Determine tools
and materials. In determining tools and materials, you need to consider the
costs and where tools and materials can be obtained. It is recommended to use
tools and materials that are easily obtained both procurement of goods and
financially (cheap). It aims to anticipate if the tool is damaged or the
material used up.
2) Compile work
methods. How to work should be arranged clearly and detailed so easily
understood and implemented so that when doing research is not hampered.
3) Translation of
variables. The independent variables, dependent variables, and control
variables are examined to determine the translation. An example of the variable
translation of the experiment "The effect of the addition of vinegar on the
quality of cellulose nata de coco" is as follows.
The description of the independent variables of "the
addition of vinegar" is the amount or amount of vinegar added, eg 5 mL, 10
mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL.
The leveling should be increased by a constant margin. The
translation of the dependent variable of the "cellulose quality" of
nata de coco eg thickness, fiber texture, and flavor.
Translation of control variables (same treatment), eg the
amount of coconut water used on each experimental object is always ½ liter; the
amount of sugar added to each treatment is the same; number and type of
bacterial seeds used together (Acetobacter xylinum); and placed in containers
of the same size.
4) Determine the time
of the experiment. It needs to be set when the experiment will start, how
long the treatment will be given, and when the experiment will be completed.
5) Trial model trial.
Once the experimental model has been designed, it will be tested first. This is
very important to avoid failure in the actual experiment.
b. Stage of
experimental treatment
In the experiment there were two groups, the untreated group
(control group) and the treated group (experiment).
In the experiment "The effect of the addition of
vinegar to the quality of cellulose nata de coco. the control group is an
un-added vinegar container (amount of vinegar acid: 0 ml.), while the
experimental group, ie vinegar plus vinegar containers of 5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL,
and 20 mL, respectively.
The observation and recording of the experimental data is
cultivated as thoroughly as possible in order to obtain qualitative data as
well as accurate quantitative data.
Measuring tools used, such as scales, rulers,
thermometers, and pH meters must be standardized / not defective. Experiments
should be performed several times to get valid data (correct data is trusted).
The final experiment result data is the average result of
the repetition of the experiment that has been done. For example, if in the
experiment used a sample of 3 individuals, then repeated 3 times; whereas when
used a sample of 7 individuals, then repeated 7 times.
5. Processing Experimental Results
(Data Analysis)
After completion of the experiment, the data obtained were
analyzed. Quantitative data analysis requires statistical calculations. If the
statistical data is too difficult, then the quantitative data obtained is
fairly average, converted in percentage form, and created graphs that readers
can easily understand.
Working with a computer will be easier and the results will
be more tidy. The results of qualitative data analysis and quantitative data
are then used to answer the hypothesis ever proposed, and as a basis for
drawing conclusions.
6. Make a
Conclusion
Conclusion is the
actual answer of the hypothesis ever proposed. There are two possibilities,
namely the rejected hypothesis or the accepted hypothesis.
The hypothesis is accepted when it matches the experimental
results. However, if the hypothesis does not match the results of the
experiment or the resulting data is inconsistent, then the hypothesis is
rejected. If the hypothesis is rejected, then do the experiment repeatedly
until the hypothesis is accepted. Abstinence is one of the nature of researchers.
7. Making Research Reports
The results of scientific research can be communicated to others in the form of reports. Techniques and procedures of writing research reports in the form of papers contain the following elements:
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| image : Newfirst |
a. The title, in
the form of a short sentence and solid, and can describe the contents of the
report.
b. Abstract,
contains a brief description of the papers starting from the name of the
author, the title of the paper, background problems, research objectives, data
retrieval techniques and data processing, and research results
c. Foreword,
contains an expression of gratitude to God Almighty and thanks to the parties
who helped the completion of research.
d. Table of contents,
containing subheadings in each chapter and section
e. Introduction,
contains background writing, problem identification, problem definition,
problem formulation, research objectives, and usefulness of research.
f. The theoretical
framework and the proposed hypothesis, contains the study of the
foundations of existing theory and hypotheses.
g. Research
methodology, describes the research objectives, place and time of research,
tools, materials, samples, and research methods.
h. Discussion,
contains data processing and research results. At this stage the data is analyzed
in such a way that the section of the discussion can be referred to as the real
part of your research report. Write it using facts that can strengthen your
writing.
i. Conclusions and
suggestions, contains conclusions from research and suggestions relating to
the use of research results.
j. The reference
list includes the quoted sources used, such as print media such as books and
magazines, as well as electronic media such as TV, radio, and the internet.
Attachment, containing tables, photos, data, and supporting
data information. It is free, may be added should not.
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