Levels of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is indispensable for the survival of organisms and the ongoing cycle of matter (energy flow). However, the quality and quantity of biodiversity in a region may decrease or may even be destroyed.

The biodiversity that is present in an area is different. Biodiversity can be preserved and can be restored

Level of Biodiversity

Biodiversity  is a variation of living organisms at three levels, namely the level of genes, species, and ecosystems.

 Biodiversity is unique because the species live in a particular habitat or the food they eat is very distinctive.

For example Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) living in China only eat bamboo; and koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) that live in Australia eat only the leaves of Eucalyptus.

Based on the understanding, biodiversity can be divided into three types, namely genetic diversity   species diversity ,and ecosystem diversity.

A. Genetic Diversity

image : esquire

Genetic diversity is a variation or gene difference occurring within a species or species of a living thing.

 For example, durian fruit (Durio zibethinus) are thick, thin-skinned, fleshy thick, thin-fleshy, fleshy, fleshy mushrooms, small seeds, or large seeds.

Similarly, bananas (Moses paradisiaca) have different sizes, shapes, colors, textures, and fruit flavors. Bananas have a variety of varieties, including great bananas, lemongrass king, banana king uli, plantain molo, and banana king jambe.

Mango varieties (Mangifera indica), such as mango manalagi, cengkir, golek, gedong, apple, kidang, gadung, and bapang.

While genetic diversity in animal species, such as hair color in cats (Felis silvestris cetus), there are black, white, gray, and brown.

The diversity of genetic traits in an organism is controlled by the genes contained within the chromosomes it possesses. The chromosome is derived from both its parent through inheritance properties.

However, the expression of an organism's gene is also affected by the environmental conditions in which it lives.

For example, seeds taken from a mango stem that have large genetic traits, when planted in different environments (eg, barren and poor nutrients) may not produce large mangoes such as the genetic characteristics of the mother.

Increased gene diversity can occur through hybridization (intermarriage) between organisms of one species of different traits, or through the process of domestication (wild animal cultivation or plant by human).

An example is the orchid plant hybridization to get the orchid flowers with variegated colors. Hybridize Fries Holland cattle with a neat Bali and hybridize different types of plants or animals with wild species to get the type that is resistant to disease.

By hybridization will be obtained new genetic properties of organisms in one species. The diversity of genes in organisms in one species is called a variety or race.

B. Diversity of Species (Species)

image : Ensyclopedia of Britannica

Species  divesity is the differences that can be found in communities or groups of species that live in a place.

For example in a courtyard there are mango, coconut, orange, rambutan, rose, jasmine, cempaka, ginger, turmeric, birds, bees, bees, ants, butterflies and worms.

 Higher species diversity is commonly found in places far from human life, for example in forests.

In the forest there are more animals and plants than in paddy fields or in gardens.

Several types of organisms exist that have almost identical physical characteristics. For example palm plant species (Palmae) such as coconut, areca nut, palm, and palm that has leaves like ribbon.

However, these plants are different species, coconut names Cocos nucifera, areca named Areca catechu, aren named Arenga pinnata, and palm named Elais guineensis.

Animals of the Panthera genus group consist of several species, including tiger (Panthera tigris), lion (Panthera leo) leopard (Panthera pardus), and jaguar (Panthera onca)

C. Ecosystem Diversity

image : ebiologi

Ecosystem is formed because different groups of species adapt to their environment, then interrelated relationships between one species and another species, and also between species and abiotic environment where life, such as temperature, air, water, soil, moisture, sunlight and minerals .

 Ecosystems vary according to their constituent species. Natural ecosystems include forests, swamps, coral reefs, deep seas, seagrass beds (between coral reefs and mangroves), mangroves (mangroves), sand beaches, rock beaches, estuaries (estuaries), lakes, rivers, deserts, and Meadow.

There are also ecosystems deliberately created by human alias artificial ecosystem, for example agro ecosystem in the form of rice fields, fields, and gardens.

Agroecosystems have a lower species diversity than natural ecosystems, but have a higher genetic diversity.

The types of organisms that make up each ecosystem vary. Tropical rainforest ecosystems, for example, are filled with tall, canopied trees (like meranti and rasamala), rattan, orchids, ferns, birds, tigers, monkeys, orangutans, jungles, snakes, deer, pigs and various insects. In river ecosystems there are fish, crabs, shrimp, snakes, and freshwater algae.

The diversity of ecosystems in a region is determined by various factors, such as position of place based on latitude, altitude, climate, sunlight, humidity, temperature, and soil conditions.

For example Indonesia which is an archipelago and located on the equator, has about 47 kinds of ecosystems in the sea and on land.

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